{"id":73041,"date":"2017-05-22T22:05:58","date_gmt":"2017-05-23T02:05:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/?p=73041"},"modified":"2017-05-22T22:07:02","modified_gmt":"2017-05-23T02:07:02","slug":"the-curious-rise-of-the-white-left-as-a-chinese-internet-insult","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/?p=73041","title":{"rendered":"The curious rise of the \u2018white left\u2019 as a Chinese internet insult"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more-->By Chenchen Zhang<br \/>\nhongkongfp.com<\/p>\n<p>If you look at any thread about Trump, Islam or immigration on a Chinese social media platform these days, it\u2019s impossible to avoid encountering the term <em>baizuo<\/em>, or literally, the \u2018white left\u2019.\u00a0It first emerged about two years ago, and yet has quickly become one of the most popular derogatory descriptions for Chinese netizens to discredit their opponents in online debates.<\/p>\n<p><em>So what<\/em> does \u2018white left\u2019 mean in the Chinese context, and what\u2019s behind the rise of its (negative) popularity? It might not be an easy task to define the term, for as a social media buzzword and very often an instrument for\u00a0<em>ad hominem<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em>attack, it could mean different things for different people. A thread on \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/51331837\">why well-educated elites in the west are seen as na\u00efve \u201cwhite left\u201d in China<\/a>\u201d on Zhihu, a question-and-answer website said to have a high percentage of active users who are professionals and intellectuals, might serve as a starting point.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_116971\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-116971\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/POWERPNT_2017-05-15_10-38-39.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/POWERPNT_2017-05-15_10-38-39.jpg 1050w, http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/POWERPNT_2017-05-15_10-38-39-768x454.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/POWERPNT_2017-05-15_10-38-39-810x479.jpg 810w\" alt=\"baizuo\" width=\"1050\" height=\"621\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baizuo. Photo: HKFP remix.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The question has received more than 400 answers from Zhihu users, which include some of the most representative perceptions of the \u2018white left\u2019. Although the emphasis varies,\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0is used generally to describe those who \u201conly care about topics such as immigration, minorities, LGBT and the environment\u201d and \u201chave no sense of real problems in the real world\u201d; they are hypocritical humanitarians who advocate for peace and equality only to \u201csatisfy their own feeling of moral superiority\u201d; they are \u201cobsessed with political correctness\u201d to the extent that they \u201ctolerate backwards Islamic values for the sake of multiculturalism\u201d; they believe in the welfare state that \u201cbenefits only the idle and the free riders\u201d; they are the \u201cignorant and arrogant westerners\u201d who \u201cpity the rest of the world and think they are saviours\u201d.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Stumped! This is frightening because their are many young people in the US like him.<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/Electionfinalthoughts?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#Electionfinalthoughts<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/HdS5NGgaI0\">pic.twitter.com\/HdS5NGgaI0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Michael Keyes (@michaelkeyes) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/michaelkeyes\/status\/795646500806258690?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">November 7, 2016<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Apart from some anti-hegemonic sentiments, the connotations of \u2018white left\u2019 in the Chinese context clearly resemble terms such as \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/khwaja-khusro-tariq\/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html\">regressive liberals<\/a>\u2019 or \u2018libtards\u2019 in the United States. In a way the demonization of the \u2018white left\u2019 in Chinese social media may also reflect the resurgence of right-wing populism globally.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Ami Horowitz: How white liberals really view black voters\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3JGmKHrWKMQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>However, Chinese netizens\u2019 fierce attacks against the \u2018white left\u2019 seem curiously devoid of experiential motivation, since all these problems that conservatives in the west are concerned about \u2013 immigration, multiculturalism, minority rights, and affirmative actions \u2013 are largely unknown to Chinese society. This is not to say that discrimination against women and ethnic, religious and sexual minorities do not exist in China. They are no less serious or structural here than in any other societies. But cultural and identity politics has never gained much salience as political issues under an authoritarian regime, although feminist activists have received increased attention\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/5050\/ting-guo\/blood-brides-feminist-activists-cracking-chinas-patriarchal-order\">recently<\/a>. Overall, there has been \u2018too little\u2019, rather than \u2018too much\u2019 political correctness as perceived by conservatives in the west.<\/p>\n<p class=\"mag-quote-center\">Chinese netizens\u2019 fierce attacks against the \u2018white left\u2019 seem curiously devoid of experiential motivation.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, heated discussions about\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0on Chinese social media websites rarely make reference to domestic issues, except for occasionally and unsurprisingly insulting Chinese Muslims for being \u201cunintegrated\u201d or \u201ccomplicit in the spread of Islam extremism\u201d. The stigmatization of the \u2018white left\u2019 is driven first and foremost by Chinese netizens\u2019 understanding of \u2018western\u2019 problems. It is a symptom and weakness of the Other.<\/p>\n<p>The term first became influential amidst the European refugee crisis, and Angela Merkel was the first western politician to be labelled as a <em>baizuo<\/em> for her open-door refugee policy. Hungary, on the other hand, was praised by Chinese netizens for its hard line on refugees, if not for its authoritarian leader. Around the same time another derogatory name that was often used alongside\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0was\u00a0<em>shengmu<\/em> \u2013 literally the \u2018holy mother\u2019 \u2013 which according to its users refers to those who are \u2018overemotional\u2019, \u2018hypocritical\u2019 and \u2018have too much empathy\u2019. The criticisms of\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>shengmu<\/em>\u00a0soon became an online smear campaign targeted at not only public figures such as J. K. Rowling and Emma Watson, but also volunteers, social workers and all other ordinary citizens, whether in Europe or China, who express any sympathy with international refugees.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/cdn.opendemocracy.net\/files\/imagecache\/wysiwyg_imageupload_lightbox_preset\/wysiwyg_imageupload\/549501\/140068806_b8cac11154_z.jpg\" alt=\"baizuo\" width=\"825\" height=\"619\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Internet cafe, Beijing. Photo: Kai Hendry, via Flickr.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In May 2016, Amnesty International published their survey results indicating that the most welcoming country for refugees was China. Leaving the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/qz.com\/687518\/is-china-really-the-most-welcoming-country-for-refugees\/\">reliability<\/a>\u00a0of its sample and methodology aside, this finding was not at all taken as a compliment in the Chinese media. <em>Global Times<\/em> conducted their own\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opinion.huanqiu.com\/survey\/2016-05\/8952416.html\">online survey<\/a>\u00a0in response to Amnesty\u2019s claim, and the results were quite the opposite: 90.3% said \u2018no\u2019 to the question \u2018would you accept refugees in your own household?\u2019 and 79.6% said \u2018no\u2019 to the question \u2018would you accept refugees in your city, or would you like to be neighbours with refugees?\u2019. Ironically, Amnesty\u2019s portrayal of China as a welcoming country for displaced people was even read by some netizens as part of a foreign conspiracy, intended to pressure the Chinese government to accept more refugees. A senior researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guancha.cn\/society\/2016_05_20_360998.shtml\">commented<\/a>\u00a0that this survey was \u201cweird\u201d and seemed to \u201cincite citizens against the government\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The anti-<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0discourse in Chinese social media gained stronger momentum during the US presidential election campaign. If criticisms of the \u2018white left\u2019 in the context of the refugee crisis were mainly about disapproval of \u2018moralist humanitarianism\u2019 mixed with Islamophobia, they became politically more elaborate as Chinese critics of the \u2018white left\u2019 discovered Donald J. Trump, whom they both identify with and take inspirations from. Following the debates in the US, a number of other issues such as welfare reforms, affirmative action and minority rights were introduced into online discussions on the \u2018white left\u2019.\u00a0<em>Baizuo<\/em>\u00a0critics now began to identify Obama and Clinton as the new epitome of the \u2018white left\u2019, despite the fact that they were neither particularly humanitarian\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/obama-record-deportations-deporter-chief-or-not\">nor particularly kind<\/a>\u00a0to migrants. Trump was taken as the champion of everything the \u2018white left\u2019 were against, and <em>baizuo<\/em> critics naturally became his\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2017\/03\/why-do-chinese-netizens-love-donald-trump\/\">enthusiastic supporters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To be sure, and fortunately, not all in Chinese cyberspace talk about the \u2018white left\u2019 in a derogatory way, just as not all appreciate the views and style of Trump. Rao Yi, a renowned neurobiologist and public intellectual, was one of the few to publically criticize the demonization of\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0and Chinese netizens\u2019 support for Trump on television. His statement stirred up a great deal of controversy online. An overwhelming majority of Zhihu users\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/52235082\">thought<\/a>\u00a0that Rao had only proved that he was typical of the \u2018white left\u2019: biased, elitist, ignorant of social reality and constantly applying double standards.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_103346\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-103346\" src=\"http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1000968.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1050px) 100vw, 1050px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1000968.jpg 1050w, http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1000968-768x432.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/1000968-810x456.jpg 810w\" alt=\"trump immigration ban protest hong kong\" width=\"1050\" height=\"591\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: HKFP\/Catherine Lai.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>What are the possible explanations of the prevailing hostility to the \u2018white left\u2019 in Chinese social media? Only a fraction of the arguments can be considered interests-based, and they are made by established and newly arrived overseas Chinese in Europe and North America. Many students and job-seekers in Europe, for example, argue that it is simply unfair that they \u201chave to work so hard to stay, whereas these refugees can simply come and claim asylum\u201d. More or less established Chinese immigrants in the United States often make the case that affirmative action policies put Chinese-Americans in a disadvantageous position, and \u201cChinese should not pay the price for the wrongs white Americans have done\u201d. It isn\u2019t the place to analyse the pitfalls of these claims here; my focus is rather on why mainland Chinese people adopt such a strong and emotionally charged view on issues they do not have direct experience with. The following ideological, instead of interest-based factors might be at play in both domestic and international contexts.<\/p>\n<p>From a domestic perspective, the proliferation of anti-<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0sentiment is clearly in line with the dominance of a kind of brutal, demoralized pragmatism in post-socialist China. Many of the attacks on the welfare state and the idea that states have obligations towards international refugees appeal to the same social Darwinist logic of \u2018survival of the fittest\u2019. It is assumed that individuals should take responsibility for their own misery, whether it is war or poverty, and should not be helped by others. The rationale goes hand in hand with the view that inequality is inevitable in a market-economy-cum-Hobbesian-society. Although economic disparity in China has been worsening in recent years, sociologist Yu Xie\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.dk\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=3&amp;cad=rja&amp;uact=8&amp;ved=0ahUKEwij5rqv77PTAhUJkiwKHblwD8oQFggzMAI&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ios.sinica.edu.tw%2Fios%2Fmsg%2Ffriday%2FXie2010-Inequality-Chinese.pdf&amp;usg=AFQjCNGc7aEMpXxXZK-5Ws-KTUjaCKC3-g&amp;sig2=6JEhh5I1v-XCjhSAlfBfXg\">found<\/a>\u00a0that most Chinese people regard it as an inevitable consequence of economic growth, and that inequality is unlikely to give rise to political or social unrest.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption alignnone\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/i.imgur.com\/fYGCkdc.jpg\" alt=\"sociologist Yu Xie\" width=\"925\" height=\"482\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sociologist Yu Xie. Photo: Princeton University.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Pragmatism with an emphasis on self-responsibility seems to be the ideology of our post-ideological times. It is, in UK prime minister Theresa May\u2019s words, \u2018living within our means\u2019. This is combined with a general indifference towards race issues, or even worth, with certain social Darwinist beliefs that some races are superior to others, leading many mainland Chinese netizens to dismiss struggles against structural discriminations as na\u00efve, pretentious or demanding undeserved privileges.<\/p>\n<p>Seen from the perspective of international relations, the anti-<em>baizuo<\/em>\u00a0discourse can be understood as part of what William A. Callahan calls \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-9256.12088\/abstract\">negative soft power<\/a>\u2019, that is, constructing the Chinese self through \u2018the deliberate creation and then exclusion\u2019 of Others as \u2018barbarians\u2019 or otherwise inferior. Criticisms of the \u2018white left\u2019 against the background of the European refugee crisis fit especially well with the \u2018rising China\u2019 versus \u2018Europe in decline\u2019 narrative. According to Baidu Trends, one of the most related keywords to <em>baizuo<\/em> was <em>huimie<\/em>: \u201cto destroy\u201d. Articles with titles such as \u2018the white left are destroying Europe\u2019 were widely circulated.<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.weibo.com\/ttarticle\/p\/show?id=2309404046501243429255\">an academic-style essay<\/a>\u00a0that was retweeted more than 7,000 times on Weibo, a user named \u2018fantasy lover Mr. Liu\u2019 \u2018reviewed\u2019 European philosophy from Voltaire and Marx to Adorno and Foucault, concluding that the \u2018white left\u2019 as a \u2018spiritual epidemic\u2019 is on its way to self-destruction. He then stated that Trump\u2019s win was only \u201ca small victory over this spiritual epidemic of humankind\u201d, but \u201cwestern civilization is still far from its self-redemption\u201d. However ridiculous it may appear, the post is illustrative of how a demonized Other is projected onto seemingly objective or academic criticisms of the \u2018white left\u2019. Ultimately, the more the \u2018white left\u2019 \u2013 whatever it means \u2013 represent the fatal weakness of democracy, the more institutional and normative security the Chinese regime enjoys. The grassroots campaign against the \u2018white left\u2019 thus echoes the officially-sanctioned campaign against \u2018universal values\u2019, providing a negative evidence for the superiority of the Chinese self.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, it should to be noted that the internet in China is subject to strict censorship. The Chinese government has been known to hire a large number of \u2018internet commentators\u2019 (known as the 50 cent party) to fabricate social media posts. According to recent <a href=\"http:\/\/gking.harvard.edu\/files\/gking\/files\/50c.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research<\/a> conducted by scholars at Harvard University, 29% of the \u2018accused 50 cent posts\u2019 they investigated fall into the category of \u2018taunting of foreign countries\u2019\u00a0It is nonetheless impossible to know whether these accused posts are indeed written by government employees. Similarly, it is hard to tell whether some of the criticisms of <em>baizuo<\/em> are coming from fabricated commentators-for-hire. However, given the strict censorship regime, criticizing democratic values such as pluralism, tolerance, and solidarity is certainly one of the safest \u2018critical\u2019 opinions ordinary citizens can express online.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chenchen Zhang has a PhD in Political Theory from LUISS Guido Carli University and a PhD in Political Science from Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles. She has worked as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Copenhagen. She can be reached at <a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/dustette?lang=en\">@dustette<\/a>. This post originally\u00a0appeared on <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/digitaliberties\/chenchen-zhang\/curious-rise-of-white-left-as-chinese-internet-insult\">Open Democracy.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Correction 22\/5:<\/strong> A previous version of this article suggested that\u00a029% of all fabricated posts fell into\u00a0the category of \u2018taunting of foreign countries\u2019. In fact, 29% refers to the proportion of the posts in their sample.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>___<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/2017\/05\/20\/curious-rise-white-left-chinese-internet-insult\/\">http:\/\/www.hongkongfp.com\/2017\/05\/20\/curious-rise-white-left-chinese-internet-insult\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73041","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73041","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=73041"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73041\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=73041"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=73041"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stateofthenation2012.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=73041"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}